SMT201 AY2019-20T1G2 EX2 Lim Jia Khee

Part 1: Data visualisation of vector layers

Views (from top left to bottom left, clockwise direction)	Description (within 100 words)
Study area and target roads layer	After filtering our initial road layer for two types of roads, namely Service and Track roads, there are a total of 188 different road osm_id. Of the 188 different road types, there are only two track roads and the remaining 186 roads are of service type.
Study area and buildings layer	There was no filtering done for this building layer. Of 527 different building osm_id there were only 22 rows where the building types were listed. The remaining 505 rows did not specify their building type and are categorised under 'Others'.
Study area and digital elevation layer	The lowest ground in Gombak Planning subzone is 9 metres above sea level, while the highest ground in Gombak Planning subzone is 145 metres above sea level. From the Digital Elevation Map (DEM), the overall elevation of Gombak appears to resemble that of a small hill.
Study area and target natural features layer	After filtering for parks, water and forest nature types, there are a total of eight such features present in Gombak Planning subzone. Forest features are denoted with dark green colour while park features are denoted with light green colour.

Part 2: Proximity Analysis, Raster Layers

Views (from top left to bottom left, clockwise direction)	Description (within 150 words)
Study area and proximity to target roads layer	The proximity for road layer ranges from between 0m (minimum) and 772.01m (maximum). To better illustrate the road proximity distance of this raster layer, I decided to create five different proximity bands. Majority of Gombak planning subzone falls within 193m from any track/service roads, making this planning subzone area highly accessible by foot. Within the planning subzone, the furthest distance one has to travel is within 579m (demarked by turquoise-coloured areas). This also means that road accessibility is likely to not be a significant problem when selecting a site to build our Quarantine centre.
Study area and proximity to buildings layer	Similar to the target roads layer above, the proximity for building layer ranges from 0m (minimum) to 866.3m (maximum). To better illustrate the building proximity distance of this raster layer, I used Singleband pseudocolor to create five different proximity bands. Majority of proximity to buildings within Gombak planning subzone falls between 0m and 433.1m. Given this densely populated area, it might be difficult to find an appropriate location that is far enough from the population in Gombak planning subzone. Hence, a premium will be placed on sites that are far away from all buildings to prevent the spread of infectious diseases once the quarantine center is operational.
Study area and slope layer	From the raster image above, most of the land in Gombak have a steepness that is between 0 and 9.2 degrees. Only a small handful of land in Gombak Planning subzone have steepness of above 18.4 degrees, with the steepest areas having a slope of 36.9 degrees. It appears that the land in Gombak is relatively flat, with small patches of relatively steep grounds. When selecting our quarantine centre site, it is best to avoid the spots that are turquoise or blue in colour (between 18.4 and 36.9 degrees in steepness). This will help manage and keep construction cost low.
Study area and proximity to target natural features layer	As there are comparative less natural features in Gombak Planning subzone, a significant amount of land is at least 215.9m away from any target natural feature. There appears to be a plot of land to the South of Gombak Planning Subzone that is between 431.8m and 647.8m away from any target natural feature. This is certainly a good location that deserves more attention. Also, of the three target natural features - forest, park and water, I will keep an eye out for any potential quarantine site that is near a water body. This is because many diseases are water-borne in nature and given Singapore's water scarcity problem, it might lead to very catastrophic outcomes.

Part 3: Standardisation of Proximity Analysis, Min-Max method

Across all four views, the min-max standardisation technique was used. This standardisation is done to ensure that the ranges across all layers become identical. This ensures fairness when we apply our AHP weights in the future sections.

Views (from top left to bottom left, clockwise direction)	Description (within 150 words)
Study area with criterion scores of target roads layer	Instead of directly applying the min-max formula over the target roads layer, the inverse of Xij (1 / Xij) was used instead. In turn, this changes the direction of our standardised road score. If we were to directly apply the min-max formula over this road layer, higher scores will be awarded to locations that are away from the roads, while lower scores will be given to sites that are closer to the roads. However, given that we want the inverse of that (higher scores allocated to locations closer to the road features), the inverse of Xij was used for this calculation.
Study area with criterion scores of buildings layer	The min-max method was applied directly to the building layer. This current building view is exactly identical to the one in Map Layout 2, with the main difference being that the proximity ranges have been shrunk to between 0 and 1. The generated plot looks identical to the one above as the number of proximity bands created in both cases are the same, 5 classes. Hence, the objective remains the same - to keep an eye on locations where the standardised scores are highest.
Study area with criterion scores of slope layer	The thinking behind the criterion slope score layer is largely similar to that of the criterion score target roads layer. Instead of directly applying the min-max formula over the slope layer, the inverse of Xij (1 / Xij) was used instead. This is because we are looking for land that is not steep. If the inverse of Xij was not applied, higher scores will be given sites to steeper ground. However, we want higher scores to be given to flatter grounds. Hence, the inverse of Xij was used. This inversed slope plot might be misleading in some sense, a reader may be misled to believe that most of the land in the area is of equal steepness (almost all of the sites fall inside the orange band). This is because the range of the values are extremely small - between 0.0007 and 0.08. Unlike other min-max plots where the values fall between the 0 and 1 range.
Study area with criterion scores of target natural features layer	Similar to the building layer, the min-max method was directly applied to the target natural features layer. This current layer is exactly identical to the one in Map Layout 2, with the main difference being in the proximity ranges, for it has now been compacted to between 0 and 1. The generated plot looks identical to the one above as the number of proximity bands created in both cases are the same, 5 classes. The objective remains the same as with mentioned in map layout 02 - to keep an eye on locations where the standardised scores are highest, and also, in particular to be as far away as possible from presence of water bodies.

Part 4: Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) input matrix and result report

When creating the Analytical Hierarchical Process input matrix, the order of importance in terms of the four variables are:
Health Risk (Most Important)
Natural Conservation
Accessibility
Economic (Least Important)

Specifically, Health Risk is 7x more important then Economic factors. Given Singapore's status as a first-world country, there should be little difficulty, from a financing standpoint, for Singapore to be built a quarantine centre. Secondly, given Singapore's lack of land space, a premium should be placed on finding a location isolated enough to house a quarantine centre.
When comparing Health Risk factor to Accessibility factor, a 4x importance is given. I contemplated between Accessibility and Economic factors in terms of which variable should be least important, and ultimately decided that Accessibility should be the second-least important factor as it might be extremely challenging having to move big construction materials if it was too far off the roads.
Lastly, between Health Risk and Natural Conservation factors, a 3x weight is allocated to Health Risk over Natural Conservation. I considered having both factors to be equally important (importance of 1 or 2), but eventually settled for an importance weight of 3 as there were not many Natural Conservation factors to consider in the Gombak Planning Subzone.

With these factors in mind, my CI ratio worked out to be 0.02750323, with CI/RI to be 3% (< 10% benchmark).

Moving forward, I then applied the corresponding AHP weights determine suitable landlot(s):
Economic factors: 6.2% weight
Accessibility factors: 14.7% weight
Health Risk factors: 55.6% weight
Natural Conservation: 23.6% weight

Part 5: Suitable landlot(s) identified

By combining the weights assigned for each factor to each standardised layer and summing them up together using the raster calculator, a map layout with suitable sites for our Quarantine Centre in Gombak Planning Subzone is obtained. The most suitable area within the Gombak planning subzone is circled in black, with an area of slightly over 41,000 square metres.

The most suitable site to build this Quarantine Centre in Gombak area lies to the South of the planning subzone. These areas that are indicated in beige/turquoise colours. On actual ground, this site is currently used by Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) to house soliders from the 4th Singapore Infantry Regiment (4 SIR). Hence, this is not a readily available plot of land that can be immediately commence building a Quarantine Centre. Some sort of agreement and compromise must be discussed amongst the relevant agencies, SAF and Ministry of Health (MOH) to determine the feasibility of building a quarentine centre within an army camp.