ISSS608 2016-17 T3 Assign CHUA GIM HONG

ISSS608 Visual Analytics and Applications

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VAST Challenge 2017 - Saving Rose-crested Blue Pipit bird at Boonsong Lekagul Nature Preserve

Individual Assignment - Mini-Challenge 3

Prepared by Chua Gim Hong
MAD (Mad About Data) Community - DataViz Clan

Background

Mistford is a mid-size city located to the southwest of a large nature preserve. The city has a small industrial area with four light-manufacturing endeavors.
Mitch Vogel is a post-doc student studying ornithology at Mistford College and has been discovering signs that the number of nesting pairs of the Rose-Crested Blue Pipit,
a popular local bird due to its attractive plumage and pleasant songs, is decreasing!
The decrease is sufficiently significant that the Pangera Ornithology Conservation Society is sponsoring Mitch to undertake additional studies to identify the possible reasons.
Mitch is gaining access to several datasets that may help him in his work, and he has asked you (and your colleagues) as experts in visual analytics to help him analyze these datasets.

For full details, please visit VAST Challenge 2017: Overview.

Current Situation

There were signs that the number of nesting pairs of the Rose-Crested Blue Pipit is decreasing.
Mitch Vogel faced difficulty trying to assess the extent of the possible problem contributed to the downfall of the poor Rose-crested Blue Pipit bird because:

a. While he was able to get around some of the nature preserve to study the bird, he was not able to cover the entire preserve with a car or on foot but because of the terrain and the vegetation.

b. Drones and air vehicles would scare the birds.

For more details on Mini-Challenge 3, please visit VAST Challenge 2017: Mini-Challenge 3.

Objective

To use visual analytics to analyze the multi-spectral image data of the Boonsong Lekagul Nature Preserve collected by the National Space Service and understand changes in the environment (e.g. flora) that are related to issues with the Rose-Crested Blue Pipit.

Dataset

The multi-spectral dataset files from the National Space Service show the same piece of the Boonsong Lekagul Nature Preserve as imaged by a satellite multispectral sensor that measures in six different bands (B1 – B6) over a few years in the following format:

• TIF files which are 8-bit, 6-band files with 651 rows and columns. Bands 1-6 are ordered by wavelength (shortest to longest wavelengths) B1=blue, B2=green, B3=red, B4=near-infrared, B5= short-wave infrared (SWIR) 1 and B6= short-wave infrared (SWIR) 2.

• ASCII files which are in comma-delimited format where each record is the pixel value for each band at that X, Y location.

Note: X, Y origin is the upper left corner of the image. The X, Y locations are relative to the image itself and not a geo-coordinate on Earth..

So, X=0, Y=0 refers to the pixel in the upper left corner of the image. Similarly, the bottom right pixel is X=650, Y=650.

The sensor is a sensitive scientific instrument and the resulting images are optimized for measurement and are not simply “pictures”.

Image & Data Preparation

Table 2 shows the multi-spectral bands and their utility.
True colour is given by B3, B2, B1 --> RGB (see Table 1).
Other band combinations can also be mapped to the RGB image channels to create what are known as “false color” images.
Frequently used false-color images are (see Table 1):
• B4, B3, B2 --> RGB: can be useful in seeing changes in plant health.
• B5, B4, B2 --> RGB: can be used to show floods or newly burned land.
• B1, B5, B6 --> RGB: can differentiate between snow, ice and clouds.

Table 1: Multi-spectral bands and their utility

Band	True Color	Wavelength (nm)	Useful for image interpretation	False Color 1	False Color 2	False Color 3
B1	Blue	450-520	Penetrates water, shows thin clouds and general visible brightness.	-	-	Red
B2	Green	520-600	Shows different types of plants and general visible brightness.	Blue	Blue	-
B3	Red	630-690	Vegetation color and certain mineral deposits.	Green	-	-
B4	Near Infrared (NIR)	770-900	Partially absorbed by water, sensitive to vegetation structure and chlorophyll.	Red	Green	-
B5	Short-wave Infrared (SWIR) 1	1550-1750	Completely absorbed by liquid water. Sensitive to moisture content of soil and vegetation; penetrates thin clouds.	-	Red	Green
B6	Short-wave Infrared (SWIR) 2	2090-2350	Insensitive to vegetation color or vigor, shows differences in soil mineral content.	-	-	Blue
-	-	-	False Colours’ Usefulness for image interpretation	can be useful in seeing changes in plant health.	can be used to show floods or newly burned land.	can differentiate between snow, ice and clouds.

In other cases, it may be helpful to use ratios of different bands to assess vegetation health or detect anomalous signals.
The following frequently used ratios are used for change detection and analysis:

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI = (B4 - B3) / (B4 + B3).

Visual or digital interpretation of the output image/raster created by NDVI is:
• -1 to 0 - Bright surface with no vegetation.
• >0 to +1 - represent vegetation.

Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) may refer to one of at least two remote sensing-derived indexes related to liquid water
(Reference: Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalized_difference_water_index):

• One is used to monitor changes in water content of leaves, using near-infrared (NIR) and short-wave infrared (SWIR) wavelengths, proposed by Gao (1996):

       NDWI(Leaves)=(NIR-SWIR)/(NIR+SWIR)=(B4-B5)/(B4+B5)

• Another is used to monitor changes related to water content in water bodies, using green and NIR wavelengths, defined by McFeeters (1996):

       NDWI(Water)=(Green-NIR)/(Green+NIR)=(B2-B4)/(B2+B4)

When this index is plotted across the image frame, it is easy to distinguish between healthy vegetation and bare ground cover.

Visual or digital interpretation of the output image/raster created by NDWI is similar to NDVI:
• -1 to 0 - Bright surface with no vegetation or water content
• >0 to +1 - represent water content

Normalized Difference Building Index (NDBI) NDBI=(B5 - B4)/(B5 + B4)

Evaluating the data as various false-color or ratio images may allow us to identify interesting features within the images that change over time and could help Mitch understand any potential changes that could be happening in the Boonsong Lekagul Nature Preserve.

It is common to apply different contrast stretch techniques to highlight certain brightness values and minimize others.
Also note that apparent differences in brightness can occur between dates due to changes in sun angle and atmospheric conditions.
When comparing images from different days and seasons, it is important to keep in mind that the values of specific pixels can change due to a number of factors including
• Clouds
• Atmospheric conditions (e.g. increased dust or aerosols in the air)
• Ground cover changes (e.g. plant growth between spring and summer)
• Sensor artefacts (e.g. bad pixels due to sensor failure or electronic noise)
• Contrast Stretching (e.g. the values of the pixels may have been enhanced so that when they are mapped into images they “stretch” to the full range of values 0-255)

Question 1

Boonsong Lake resides within the preserve and has a length of about 3000 feet (see the Boonsong Lake image file).
The image of Boonsong Lake is oriented north-south and is an RGB image (not six channels as in the supplied satellite data).
Please limit your answer to 3 images and 500 words.

Using the Boonsong Lake image as your guide, analyze and report on the scale and orientation of the supplied satellite images.

The RGB image of Boonsong Lake read into JMP Pro Graph Builder, with each grid line along X and Y axes set to be 1 pixel size.
There are 30 grid squares or pixels along the vertical distance of 3,000 feet (see red arrow in Figure 1).
Therefore, the scale of the supplied satellite images is 30 pixels : 3,000 feet or 1 pixel : 100 feet.

Figure 1: RGB image of Boonsong Lake in JMP Pro Graph Builder.

One of the TIF satellite images (image11_2016_09_06.tif) was opened in QGIS software to locate Boonsong Lake.
It confirmed that the scale of the TIF satellite images was 30 pixels : 3,000 feet or 1 pixel : 100 feet (see Figure 2).
Since the orientation of the RGB image of Boonsong Lake was given as north-south, the TIF satellite images were also oriented north-south.

Figure 2: PNG image of Boonsong Lake exported from “image11_2016_09_06.tif” file in QGIS software.

How much area is covered by a pixel in these images?

The area covered by a pixel is 100 feet by 100 feet or 10,000 square feet.

Question 2

Identify features you can discern in the Preserve area as captured in the imagery.
Focus on image features that you are reasonably confident that you can identify (e.g., a town full of houses may be identified with a high confidence level).
Please limit your answer to 6 images and 500 words.

Figure 3 is produced from a "true colour" combination using B3, B2, B1 --> RGB in QGIS software.
The colours of this resulting composite image resemble closely what would be observed by the human eyes (Reference: http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/opt_int.htm).
In this display scheme, we could identify
• vegetation appears in shades of green.
• cultivated plots has luminous bright shades of green and defined shape.
• bare soils, clear-cut, roads/tracks and roadside settlements areas appear whitish.
• water feature and cloud shadows appear dark blue.

Figure 3: image11_2016_09_06 (processed using B3, B2, B1 --> RGB in QGIS software).

Figure 4, which was produced from a "false colour" combination using B5, B4, B2 --> RGB in QGIS software, was able to identify the above features more clearly
(Reference: http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/opt_int.htm):
• vegetation appears in shades of green.
• cultivated plots has luminous lighter shades of green and defined shape.
• bare soils, clear-cut, roads/tracks and roadside settlements areas appear in shades of pink.
• water feature and cloud shadows appear dark blue.

Figure 4: image11_2016_09_06 (processed using B5, B4, B2 --> RGB in QGIS software).

Figure 5: image11_2016_09_06 (B4, B3, B2), which was produced from a "false colour" combination using: B4, B3, B2--> RGB in QGIS software, further confirmed the identification of the above features
(Reference: http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/opt_int.htm):
• vegetation appears in shades of red depending on the types and conditions of the vegetation, since it has a high reflectance in the NIR band.
Healthy vegetation is brighter red and stressed vegetation is dark red (Reference: Page 16 of https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2017/1034/ofr20171034.pdf).
• Clear water appears dark-bluish (higher green band reflectance).
• Bare soils, roads and buildings may appear in various shades of blue, yellow or grey, depending on their composition.

Figure 5: image11_2016_09_06 (processed using B4, B3, B2 --> RGB in QGIS software).

Question 3

There are most likely many features in the images that you cannot identify without additional information about the geography, human activity, and so on.
Mitch is interested in changes that are occurring that may provide him with clues to the problems with the Pipit bird.
Identify features that change over time in these images, using all channels of the images.
Changes may be obvious or subtle, but try not to be distracted by easily explained phenomena like cloud cover.
Please limit your answer to 6 images and 750 words.

From Aug 2014 (Figure 6a) to Sep 2016 (Figure 6b), there is an increase in soils, clear-cut, roads/tracks and roadside settlements areas as shown in yellow polygons around the shades of pink.
These were could be found over numerous locations throughout the Boonsong Lekagul Nature Preserve.

Figure 6a: image02_2014_08_24 (processed using B5, B4, B2 --> RGB in QGIS software).

Figure 6b: image11_2016_09_06 (processed using B5, B4, B2 --> RGB in QGIS software).

However, overall there is not very significant changes in vegetation and water availability from Aug 2014 to Sep 2016 in the Lekagul Preserve as shown in the NDVI and NDWI images (see Figures 7a and 7b).

Figure 7a(1): image02_2014_08_24 processed using NDVI in JMP Pro software.

Figure 7a(2): image02_2014_08_24 processed using NDWI(Leaves) in JMP Pro software.

Figure 7a(3): image02_2014_08_24 processed using NDWI(Leaves) in JMP Pro software.

Figure 7a(4): Statistical Analysis of image02_2014_08_24 processed using NDVI, NDWI(Leaves) and NDWI(Water) in JMP Pro software.

Figure 7b(1): image11_2016_09_06 processed using NDVI in JMP Pro software.

Figure 7b(2): image11_2016_09_06 processed using NDWI(Leaves) in JMP Pro software.

Figure 7b(3): image11_2016_09_06 processed using NDWI(Water) in JMP Pro software.

Figure 7b(4): Statistical Analysis of image11_2016_09_06 processed using NDVI, NDWI(Leaves) and NDWI(Water) in JMP Pro software.

Even in the driest part of the year from months of Jun to Sep (probably due to Summer season just over), there was availability water although some level of decrease not at critical levels was seen (see Figure 8):

Figure 8a: image07_2015_09_12 processed using NDVI in JMP Pro software.

Figure 8b: image07_2015_09_12 processed using NDWI(Leaves) in JMP Pro software.

Figure 8c: image07_2015_09_12 processed using NDWI(Water) in JMP Pro software.

Figure 8d: Statistical Analysis of image07_2015_09_12 processed using NDVI, NDWI(Leaves) and NDWI(Water) in JMP Pro software.

]

When compared with images from other quarters of the year, Figure 9 (image12_2016_12_19) shows what appear to be frosty textures on vegetation and terrain (i.e. probably snow and cold weather in winter), providing evidence that there were four seasons in Boonsong Lekagul Nature Preserve. We would require more information on the seasonal pattern and its weather changes over the years, to see if these has any negative impact on the Rose Crested Blue Pipit.(Note: Mitch Vogel would have known the location of the Boonsong Lekagul Nature Preserve and hence its weather and seasons (if any) since he could deduce from the latitude and longitude of the known place, or simply ask the locals. In the context of a VAST Challenge, this image was analysed as part of the analysis towards uncovering the mystery and saving the Rose-crested Blue Pipit bird, assuming that Mitch Vogel did not know the weather in the preserve.)

Figure 9: image12_2016_12_19 (B1, B5, B6).png (processed using B1, B5, B6 --> RGB) in QGIS software.

]

Deductions

The increase in soils, clear-cut, roads/tracks and roadside settlements areas from Aug 2014 to Sep 2016 were found in numerous locations throughout the Boonsong Lekagul Nature Preserve (as shown in yellow polygons around the shades of pink in images image02_2014_08_24 and image11_2016_09_06 processed using B5, B4, B2 --> RGB respectively). These were evidences of an increase in intrusive human activities and vehicular traffic in the Boonsong Lekagul Nature Preserve. These has yet to cause very significant changes in vegetation and water availability in the Boonsong Lekagul Nature Preserve, as shown in the NDVI and NDWI processed images (see Figures 7a and 7b). The human activities would probably be disruptive to the tranquility of the Boonsong Lekagul Nature Preserve. That would in turn affect the living habitat of the Rose-crested Blue Pipit bird. As there are seasons in Boonsong Lekagul Nature Preserve, any changes in the start, end and duration of seasons could also impact on the breeding behaviour of Rose-crested Blue Pipit bird, if the bird’s breeding is sensitive to such changes. However, more imagery information is required to study into this.

Conclusion

It was probable that the number of nesting pairs of the Rose-Crested Blue Pipit was decreasing due to disruption caused by the increase human activities in the Boonsong Lekagul Nature Preserve. More information and data would be needed to confirm this e.g. longer period of more than 3 years of satellite images, higher resolution satellite images, types of human activities, botany, noise levels, geography, temperature, humidity and so on.

References

1. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI): Jensen, J. R., 1986. Introductory Digital Image Processing, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, p. 379.

2. Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalized_difference_water_index.

3. Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI): https://deltas.usgs.gov/fm/data/data_ndwi.aspx.

4. NDWI—A normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space: J. Gao, 1996. http://ceeserver.cee.cornell.edu/wdp2/cee6150/Readings/Gao_1996_RSE_58_257-266_NDWI.pdf.

5. Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI): McFeeters, S.K., 1996. The use of normalized difference water index (NDWI) in the delineation of open water features, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 17(7):1425–1432.

6. Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI): Zha, Y., J. Gao, and S. Ni, 2003. Use of normalized difference built-up index in automatically mapping urban areas from TM imagery, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 24(3):583–594.

Other Works by the Author

1. Mini-Challenge 2, VAST Challenge 2017 (comments are welcome): https://public.tableau.com/profile/gabriel.chua#!/vizhome/Assgn_MC2_CGH/Story1?publish=yes

2. Singapore Population https://public.tableau.com/profile/gabriel.chua#!/vizhome/DataViz_Makeover4_CGH/SingPop

3. Singapore Population - Tenary Chart https://public.tableau.com/profile/gabriel.chua#!/vizhome/TernaryGraphPASZ/Step3

4. Singapore Population - Ternary Chart https://public.tableau.com/profile/gabriel.chua#!/vizhome/TernaryGraphPA/PA

Acknowledgements

1. Ngoh Siew Hui, for teaching me how to start using Wiki and her moral support as a fellow Group Project Team member.

2. Guan YiFei, for her Wiki page as an example of how to set up the banner design for my wiki page.

3. Ten Kao Yuan, for highlighting that the feature which runs North-South direction with abrupt bends and possible cut straight through hills and pathways, may not be a road.

4. Huang LiWei for his moral support as a fellow Group Project Team member.